Species showing noteworthy trends

This section provides a detailed analysis of taxa imported by the EU and candidate countries in 2012 that showed noteworthy patterns in wild-sourced or ranched trade, according to one or more of the following criteria: high volume of trade in 2012, sharp increase in trade in 2012, overall increase or decrease in trade between 2003 and 2012, and high variability in trade between 2003 and 2012. The process of selection according to these criteria is summarised here.

A total of 81 taxa showed noteworthy trends in EU imports in 2012, primarily comprising mammals (20), reptiles (17), corals (20) and plants (17, including six timber species). Over two thirds of the taxa selected were also selected in the 2011 Analysis. Ten taxa showed noteworthy trends in candidate country imports in 2012, nearly half of which were mammals.

Species that were selected according to the criteria outlined above on the basis of EU or candidate country imports are presented in the tables below; a list of coral taxa selected on the basis of EU imports recorded at the higher taxon level (i.e. genus  and above) is included here. The tables provide a summary of trade in 2012 for each species selected, and additional relevant information such as SRG opinions and quotas. Trade levels 2003-2012 are presented graphically for each species included in the tables that were not selected in the 2011 Analysis, with the exception of species selected on the basis of trade for scientific or reintroduction purposes and cases where minimal trade was reported in years prior to 2012; click on the species name in the tables to view the graph.

The trade accounts cover all direct trade in the sources included in the selection process (wild, ranched, unknown and unspecified), in all terms, as reported by the EU (in the case of species selected on the basis of EU imports) or candidate countries (in the case of species selected on the basis of candidate country imports).

Taxa showing noteworthy patterns of EU-reported direct imports from wild, ranched, unknown and unspecified sources in 2012 according to the criteria: high volume of trade, high volume of trade (globally threatened), sharp increase in trade, overall increase or decrease in trade, and high variability in trade.

Annex/

App.

[l]Taxon
(Common name)
IUCN Red List status [l]Selection criteria [l]Previously selected Summary of trade Notes*
ANNEX A: MAMMALS
A/I [l]Acinonyx jubatus (Cheetah) VU [l]High volume (GT) [l] [l] Wild-sourced trade in 2012 (excluding scientific purposes) primarily comprised trophies and trophy parts (71 trophies, 5 bodies, one skin and one skull), the vast majority imported from Namibia (96%). A permit analysis revealed that the skin and skull were imported on the same permit, suggesting that 77 animals were involved in the trade. Imports of trophies in 2012 were double the quantity reported in 2011, but were less than half that reported in 2008. [l]The population from Namibia was reviewed for SRG 55, following which a positive opinion was formed on 07/10/2011. Namibia published an export quota in 2012 for ’150 trophies, skins and live specimens’, established through an annotation to the Appendix I listing of this species (see AC27 Doc. 18 Annex 2), of which imports by the EU accounted for 47%[1].
A/I [l][i]Panthera pardus[/i]
(Leopard)
NT [l]High volume (GT) [l]2010, 2011 [l]In 2012, wild-sourced imports (excluding 1233 scientific specimens) comprised trophy items reported as either purpose ‘H’ or ‘P’, which equated to approximately 281 individuals (246 trophies, 17 skulls, 15 skins and three bodies). A permit analysis identified 10 cases where one skull and one skin were exported on the same permit, potentially reducing the number of individuals in trade to 271; this represents an 11% increase compared to 2011. The top exporters of trophy items in 2012 were Tanzania and Zimbabwe. [l]In 2012, Tanzania and Zimbabwe each published an export quota for 500 trophies and skins under Resolution Conf. 10.14 (Rev. CoP14).
A/B
II
[l][i]Monodon monoceros[/i] (Narwhal) NT [l]High volume (GT) [l]2010,2011 [l]The main wild-sourced commodity imported by the EU in 2012 was tusks (62). The majority of tusks were imported from Canada as personal items (95%). Wild-sourced imports of tusks (reported by number) decreased by 44% between 2011 and 2012. [l]The species was reviewed for SRG 51 on 16/02/2010, following which a former negative opinion for Greenland was replaced with a no opinion iii), and a no opinion ii) was formed for Canada.The species was formerly selected under the CITES Review of Significant Trade (following CoP13) and eliminated, noting that the Animals Committee may re-select the species should trade from Greenland (Denmark) resume (AC22 summary record and AC22 WG1 Doc. 1 (Rev. 1)).
A/I [l]Diceros bicornis (Black Rhinoceros) CR [l]Sharp increase [l] [l]Excluding trade for scientific purposes, wild-sourced trade in 2012 comprised four hunting trophies imported from South Africa. Trade in trophies averaged one trophy item per year over the period 2003-2011. [l]In 2012, South Africa published an export quota for five ‘hunting trophies from adult males’ under Resolution Conf. 13.5 (Rev. CoP14); the sex of the animals imported by the EU was not specified.
A/B I/II [l][i]Loxodonta africana[/i]
(African Elephant)
VU [l]High volume (GT) (for Annex A trade) [l]2010,2011 [l]Wild-sourced imports of Annex A [i]L. africana[/i] in 2012 mainly comprised trophy items reported as purpose ‘H’ and ‘P’, which equated to approximately 121 individuals (100 trophies, 16 tusks, 12 feet, five tails, two ears, two skins and one skull). A permit analysis identified two cases where multiple trophy parts were exported on the same permit, potentially reducing the number of individuals in trade to 113; this represents a 41% increase compared to imports in 2011. The top exporters of trophy items in 2012 were Tanzania and Mozambique. [l]The species was reviewed for SRG 59 and SRG 68 following which positive opinions were confirmed for Tanzania on 23/02/2012 and for Mozambique on 06/12/2013; a negative opinion for hunting trophies from Cameroon was confirmed on 06/12/2013. Trade closely monitored through the CITES process following Decision 14.78 (Rev. CoP16). In 2012, Tanzania published an export quota for 400 tusks as trophies from 200 animals and a zero quota for raw ivory other than trophies, while Mozambique published an export quota of 200 tusks as trophies from 100 animals.
ANNEX A: BIRDS
A/II [l][i]Milvus milvus[/i]
(Red Kite)
NT [l]Overall increase [l] [l]Wild-sourced imports in 2012 comprised nine live individuals imported from Switzerland for re-introduction purposes. Imports of similar numbers of wild-sourced birds were reported in every year from 2008 onwards, all for re-introduction purposes; no other wild-sourced imports were reported 2003-2012.
ANNEX B: MAMMALS
B/II [l][i]Damaliscus pygargus pygargus[/i]
(Blesbok)
NT [l]High volume (GT), Sharp increase [l] [l][i]D. pygargus pygargus[/i] was selected on the basis of a sharp increase in imports that were primarily for scientific purposes (117 specimens and 71 other items were reported as purpose ‘S’). Excluding imports for scientific purposes, wild-sourced imports in 2012 comprised trophy items imported from South Africa (23 trophies, three skins and one skin piece). Combined imports of trophy items in 2012 represented a 35% decrease compared to 2011. [l][i]D. pygargus pygargus[/i] was reviewed as a case study as part of a report on hunting trophies for SRG 65.
B/II [l]Lama guanicoe (Guanaco) - [l]High volume, Sharp increase [l] [l]In 2012, wild-sourced imports mainly consisted of meat imported from Chile for commercial purposes (22 000 kg). In addition, wild-sourced hair was imported from Argentina (1400 kg), also for commercial purposes. Imports of meat in 2012 represented a 77% increase relative to 2011, but remained lower than levels reported in 2005 and 2006. [l]The SRG formed a positive opinion for the Tierra del Fuego population, Chile on 09/01/2003 and a no opinion for all other populations from Chile on 15/03/2005.
B/II [l][i]Hippopotamus amphibius[/i] (Hippopotamus) VU [l]High volume (GT) [l]2010,2011♦ [l]In 2012, wild-sourced imports mainly comprised trophy items from Zimbabwe, Zambia and Tanzania (784 teeth, 99 tusks, 84 trophies, 31 feet, 23 skins, 18 skulls and six tails) equating to approximately 255 individuals (assuming two tusks and 12 teeth per individual). A permit analysis revealed that some trophy items were imported on the same permits as others, potentially reducing the number of animals involved to 218 individuals, a decrease of 15% compared to 2011. [l]The species was reviewed for SRG 52 and 68, following which a positive opinion was formed for Namibia and confirmed for South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe on 28/05/2014. The species has been subject to scrutiny as part of the CITES Review of Significant Trade Process (AC25 Doc.9.4 Annex). Trade suspensions are in place for Cameroon and Mozambique. In 2012 Tanzania published an export quota for 10598 kg of teeth and hunting trophies from 1200 animals.
B/II [l][i]Pecari tajacu[/i]
(Collared Peccary)
- [l]High volume [l]2010,2011, [l]Wild-sourced EU imports in 2012 principally consisted of skins imported from Peru for commercial purposes (18 716 skins); imports of wild-sourced skins decreased by 22% relative to 2011. [l]The species was reviewed for SRG 62, following which a positive opinion was confirmed for Peru on 07/12/2012; a no opinion ii) was formed for Bolivia.
B/II [l][i]Tayassu pecari[/i]
(White-lipped Peccary)
VU [l]High volume (GT) [l]2010,2011 [l]In 2012, all wild-sourced imports of [i]T.  pecari[/i] comprised skins imported for commercial purposes from Peru (4072 skins). Imports of wild-sourced skins decreased by 38% in 2012 relative to 2011, dropping below 6000 skins for the first time in the period 2003-2012. [l]The population of Peru was reviewed for SRG 51, following which a positive opinion was confirmed on 16/02/2010. T. pecari (all range States) was selected for the CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP16 (AC27 WG1 Doc.1).
B/II [l][i]Lycalopex griseus[/i]
(South American Grey Fox)
- [l]High volume♦ [l]2010♦,2011♦ [l]Wild-sourced imports in 2012 primarily comprised 25 119 skins imported from Argentina for commercial purposes. EU imports of wild-sourced skins remained relatively constant between 2011 and 2012, following a considerable decrease from a peak of over 120 000 skins imported in 2006. [l]The population from Argentina was reviewed for SRG 46, following which a positive opinion was reconfirmed on 02/12/2008.
B/II [l][i]Lynx canadensis[/i]
(Canada Lynx)
- [l]High volume♦ [l]2010,2011 [l]In 2012, wild-sourced imports primarily comprised skins imported for commercial purposes (7361 skins). The majority were imported from Canada (91%) and the remainder from the United States. Imports of wild-sourced skins nearly doubled between 2011 and 2012, reaching their highest level since 2006. [l]The SRG confirmed a positive opinion for wild specimens from Canada on 27/03/2007. The population from the United States was reviewed for SRG 62, following which a positive opinion was confirmed on 07/12/2012.
B/II [l][i]Lynx rufus[/i]
(Bobcat)
- [l]High volume [l]2010♦, 2011♦ [l]In 2012, wild-sourced imports of [i]L. rufus[/i] were principally skins imported for commercial purposes (17 543 skins), of which 83% were imported from the United States; the remainder were imported from Canada. Wild-sourced skin imports in 2012 decreased by34% compared to 2011. [l]The SRG confirmed positive opinions for both the United States and Canada on 27/03/2007 and CoP15 Prop. 2 noted that the species’ status was considered to be secure, with stable or increasing populations.
A/B I/II [l][i]Panthera leo[/i]
(African Lion)
VU [l]High volume (GT) (for Annex B trade) [l]2010, 2011 [l]Aside from scientific imports, wild-sourced imports in 2012 primarily comprised trophy items which equated to approximately 52 individuals (46 trophies, three skins, three skulls). A permit analysis identified two cases where a skull and a skin were exported on the same permit, potentially reducing the number of individuals in trade to 50. This represents a decrease of 46% compared to 2011 trade levels. The main exporters of trophy items were South Africa and Tanzania. [l]The species was reviewed for SRG 59 and 68, following which a negative opinion was formed for Cameroon on 07/12/2012, negative opinions were formed for Benin and Zimbabwe and confirmed for South Africa on 28/05/2014, and a positive opinion was confirmed for Namibia on 07/06/2012 and for Tanzania on 07/12/2012.
B/II [l][i]Ursus maritimus[/i]
(Polar Bear)
VU [l]High volume (GT) [l]2010,2011 [l]Excluding trade for scientific/educational purposes, wild-sourced imports in 2012 comprised trophy items imported from Canada, which equated to approximately 60 individuals (35 skins, 17 trophies, six skulls and two bodies). A permit analysis revealed two cases where a skin and a skull were imported on the same permit number, potentially reducing the number of individuals involved to 58, a decrease of 43% compared to reported imports in 2011. [l]The species has been discussed at numerous SRG meetings. At SRG 68 on 28/05/2014, Canada presented updated information on population status and monitoring, following which the positive opinion was confirmed for Canada, except for subpopulations of Baffin Bay and Kane Basin, for which a negative opinion was confirmed. [i]U. maritimus[/i] (all range States) was selected for the CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP16 (AC27 WG1 Doc.1).
B/II [l][i]Pteropus vampyrus[/i]
(Large Flying-fox)
NT [l]High volume (GT), Sharp increase [l]2011 [l]Wild-sourced imports in 2012 comprised 75 live individuals imported from Indonesia for commercial purposes. EU trade in this species from Indonesia was reported in each year 2009-2012, with imports increasing by 42% between 2011 and 2012. [l]Indonesia published an export quota of 225 live individuals for 2012 (and in 2013 & 2014). Overall, quotas have been gradually reduced from 1000 (2000 to 2005); all published quotas since 2010 were <300 live specimens.
B/II [l][i]Equus zebra hartmannae[/i] (Hartmann’s Mountain Zebra) VU [l]High volume (GT) [l]2010,2011 [l]Wild-sourced imports in 2012 primarily comprised skins reported under purposes ‘H’, ‘P’, and ‘T’ (782 skins), as well as other trophy items, the majority of which originated in Namibia. Wild-sourced trade in trophy items equated to approximately 872 individuals (782 skins, 92 feet, 58 trophies, seven skulls, one body and one tail). A permit analysis identified a number of cases where trophy parts were exported on the same permit, potentially reducing the number of individuals in trade to 845, a slight decrease compared to 2011. [l]The SRG formed a positive opinion for [i]E. zebra[/i] from Namibia on 02/12/2008. E. zebra. hartmannae from Angola was reviewed for SRG 52 on 18/05/2010, following which the suspension was replaced by a no opinion i), due to uncertain occurrence in Angola. E. zebra. hartmannae was also reviewed as a case study as part of a report on hunting trophies for SRG 65.
B/II [l][i]Manis javanica[/i]
(Malayan Pangolin)
EN [l]Sharp increase [l] [l]EU imports of wild-sourced [i]M. javanica[/i] in 2012 comprised six bodies imported from Cambodia for scientific purposes. No other wild-sourced importsof this species were reported in the period 2003-2012. [l]The Appendix II listing includes the annotation that a zero quota has been established for wild-taken specimens of this species traded for primarily commercial purposes. Cambodia published a zero quota under this annotation for 2012.
A/B I/II [l][i]Loxodonta africana[/i]
(African Elephant)
VU [l]High volume (GT), Sharp increase (for Annex B trade) [l]2010,2011 [l]Wild-sourced imports in 2012 primarily comprised tusks, trophies and other trophy items reported as purpose ‘H’ or ‘P’, which equated to approximately 468 individuals (175 tusks, 141 skins, 130 trophies, 116 feet, 53 ears, 41 tails and six skulls). A permit check identified a number of cases where trophy parts were exported on the same permit, potentially reducing the number of individuals involved to 373. This nevertheless represents an increase of 87% compared to 2011. The top exporters of trophy items in 2012 were Zimbabwe and Botswana. [l]The species was reviewed for SRG 59 and SRG 68 following which positive opinions were confirmed for Botswana and Namibia on 23/02/2012 and for South Africa and Zimbabwe on 28/05/2014. Trade closely monitored through the CITES process following Decision 14.78 (rev. CoP16). In 2012 Botswana published an export quota for 800 tusks as trophies from 400 individuals, and Zimbabwe published an export quota for 1000 tusks as trophies from 500 animals; both countries published a zero quota for raw ivory other than trophies.
ANNEX B: REPTILES
B/II [l][i]Alligator mississippiensis[/i] (American Alligator) - [l]High volume [l]2010,2011 [l]Imports of wild-sourced [i]A. mississippiensis[/i] in 2012 primarily consisted of skins imported from the United States for commercial purposes (238 212 skins). Imports of wild-sourced skins rose by 11% between 2011 and 2012, increasing for the third consecutive year. However, recent EU imports are considerably lower than a peak in 2005 (320 443 skins). [l]The species was reviewed for SRG 41 and a positive opinion was confirmed for the United States, the only range State, on 14/09/2007.
A/B I/II [l][i]Caiman crocodilus[/i] (Spectacled Caiman) - [l]High volume♦ (for Annex B trade) [l]2011 [l]Wild-sourced imports of [i]C. crocodilus[/i] mainly comprised skins imported for commercial purposes (58 279 skins) from Bolivia (65%) and Venezuela (31%); a further 80 ranched skins were imported from Argentina. EU trade in this species has been variable; imports of wild-sourced and ranched skins in 2012 increased by 20% compared to 2011, but trade levels were comparable to EU imports in 2007 and 2008. [l]The SRG formed a positive opinion for Venezuela on 14/09/2007. The species was reviewed for SRG 63, following which a positive opinion was formed for Bolivia on 07/02/2013. A no opinion was formed for [i]C. crocodilus yacare[/i] from Argentina on 22/02/2000.
B/II [l]Caiman latirostris (Broad-nosed Caiman) - [l]Sharp increase [l] [l]Imports in 2012 principally comprised ranched skins imported from Argentina for commercial purposes (4594 skins). Imports of ranched skins increased from 2009 onwards and almost doubled between 2011 and 2012.
A/B I/II [l][i]Crocodylus porosus[/i] (Estuarine Crocodile) - [l]Overall increase (for Annex B trade) [l]2010, 2011 [l]In 2012, EU imports mainly comprised ranched skins imported for commercial purposes from Australia (18 093 skins); a further 49 wild-sourced skins were also imported, of which the majority originated in Papua New Guinea. Imports of ranched and wild-sourced skins in 2012 increased by 31% compared to 2011. [l] The population from Papua New Guinea was reviewed for SRG 51, following which a positive opinion was formed on 16/02/2010.
B/II [l]Chamaeleo gracilis (Slender Chameleon) - [l]Overall decrease [l] [l]In 2012, six live, ranched [i]C. gracilis[/i] were imported by the EU from Togo for commercial purposes. Live imports decreased by over 99% between 2003 and 2012. [l][i]C. gracilis[/i] has been reviewed for Cameroon (SRG 34), Benin and Togo (SRG 35) and Tanzania (SRG 42).There is a positive opinion for ranched specimens <= 8cm snout-vent length from Togo, formed on 15/09/2008. There is also a 4.6(b) import suspension for wild specimens from Togo and for ranched specimens >8cm snout-vent length, last confirmed on 11/07/2013. C. gracilis was selected for CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP15, and Togo was classified as Urgent Concern. Recommendations to Togo include providing information on species’ status and management of ranched animals within 90 days and conducting a status assessment and establishing revised export quotas within two years (AC27 WG1 Doc.1) Togo published an export quota for 2500 ranched and 500 wild-taken specimens for 2012.
B/II [l]Tupinambis merianae (Argentine Black and White Tegu) - [l]Overall decrease [l] [l]Wild-sourced imports in 2012 principally comprised 24 507 wild-sourced skins imported for commercial purposes, of which the vast majority (>99%) were imported from Argentina and the remainder from Paraguay. Imports of wild-sourced skins decreased over the ten-year period overall but increased by 13% between 2011 and 2012. [l]The SRG formed a positive opinion for Argentina on 27/03/2007. A positive opinion for existing legally acquired stocks of [i]Tupinambis[/i] spp. skins was formed for Paraguay on 02/12/2011 (in accordance with CITES notification 2011/011), with a no opinion i) formed for other Tupinambis spp. imports from Paraguay.
B/II [l][i]Varanus salvator[/i]
(Water Monitor)
- [l]High volume [l]2010,2011 [l]In 2012, wild-sourced imports principally comprised 43 567 skins imported for commercial purposes from Indonesia (78%) and Malaysia (22%). EU imports of wild-sourced skins in 2012 remained at similar levels to those reported in 2011. [l]The species was reviewed for SRG 41 and populations from China, India and Singapore were reviewed for SRG 54. Positive opinions were confirmed for Indonesia on 29/02/2008 and for Malaysia on 02/12/2011. In 2012 Indonesia published an export quota for 432 000 ‘skins and skin products/live’ while Malaysia published an export quota for 15 000 specimens (all terms) from Sabah.
B/II [l]Ptyas mucosus (Oriental Rat Snake) - [l]Sharp increase [l] [l]Wild-sourced imports in 2012 primarily comprised 23 300 skins imported from Indonesia for commercial purposes. Trade in this species during the ten years 2003-2012 has been highly variable; no imports of wild-sourced skins were reported in 2010 or 2011. [l]The population from Indonesia was reviewed for SRG 55, following which a positive opinion was formed on 20/06/2011. [i]P. mucosus[/i] was selected for CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP15. Indonesia was removed from the process (AC26 summary record); Lao PDR was classified as Possible Concern, and Cambodia as Least Concern (AC27 WG1 Doc. 1).
B/II [l]Naja kaouthia (Monocled Cobra) - [l]Sharp increase [l]2010 [l]Wild-sourced trade comprised 2300 skins imported from Thailand for commercial purposes. No trade in wild-sourced skins was reported 2003-2007; imports in 2012 more than doubled relative to 2011 but were comparable to 2010 levels. [l]The population from Thailand was reviewed for SRG 62, following which a positive opinion was formed on 07/12/2012. In 2012, Thailand published an export quota for 2000 skins and bodies; a permit analysis showed that of the 2300 skins imported by the EU in 2012, 1400 were exported on permits issued in the previous year.
B/II [l][i]Python regius[/i]
(Royal python)
- [l]High volume [l]2010,2011 [l]EU imports in 2012 predominantly comprised live, ranched snakes traded for commercial purposes (25 194 live snakes), the majority of which were imported from Ghana (51%) and Togo (48%). In addition, 163 wild-sourced live snakes were imported from Ghana. Imports of wild-sourced and ranched live snakes decreased by 23% in 2012 compared with 2011. [l]The population from Ghana was reviewed for SRG 66, following which a negative opinion was formed for wild specimens on 06/12/2013 and confirmed for ranched specimens on 27/02/2014. Ranched [i]P. regius[/i] from Togo was reviewed for SRG 68, following which the positive opinion for ranched specimens was confirmed and a positive opinion for specimens born in captivity (F1 and subsequent) was formed on 28/05/2014. A positive opinion for wild specimens from Togo was confirmed on 15/09/2008. In 2012, Ghana published export quotas for live, ranched (60 000) and wild-taken (7000) animals, while Togo also published export quotas for ranched (62 500) and wild-taken (1500) specimens.
B/II [l][i]Python reticulatus[/i] (Reticulated Python) - [l]High volume♦ [l]2010,2011♦ [l]In 2012, wild-sourced imports of [i]P. reticulatus[/i] mainly comprised 53 193 skins and 22 280 small leather products (including a small number reported without a source code). All the skins and the vast majority (>99%) of the small leather products were imported from Indonesia for commercial purposes. EU imports of wild-sourced skins decreased by 13% in 2012 relative to 2011, but remained higher than any other year 2003 onwards. [l]The population from Indonesia and Viet Nam was reviewed for SRG 62, following which a negative opinion was formed for wild specimens from Viet Nam on 07/12/2012 and confirmed on 28/05/2014; the positive opinion for wild specimens from Indonesia was removed on 07/12/2012, but re-formed on 28/05/2013. The species, including populations from Indonesia, Lao PDR and Viet Nam was selected for CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP15. Lao PDR was categorised as Possible Concern whereas Indonesia and Viet Nam were categorised as Least Concern. Recommendations to Lao PDR include providing information on captive breeding and any control measures to differentiate between ranched and wild exports (AC27 WG1 Doc.1). In 2012, Indonesia published an export quota for 162 000 ‘skins and skin products/live’ of which imports of skins and small leather products to the EU accounted for 47%.
B/II [l][i]Chelonoidis denticulata[/i] (Brazilian Giant Tortoise) VU [l]High volume (GT) [l]2010,2011 [l]In 2012, wild-sourced imports of [i]C. denticulata[/i] consisted of 80 live individuals imported for commercial purposes from Suriname (80%) and Guyana (20%). Live, wild-sourced imports decreased by 9% between 2011 and 2012, continuing a downward trend in imports following a peak in 2007. [l]Populations from Guyana and Suriname were reviewed for SRG 59 and positive opinions were formed for both countries on 23/02/2012. In 2012, Guyana and Suriname published export quotas for 704 and 692 live, wild-sourced tortoises respectively.
B/II [l][i]Kinixys homeana[/i]
(Home’s Hinge-back Tortoise)
VU [l]High volume (GT) [l]2010,2011 [l]In 2012, the EU imported 124 live, ranched tortoises for commercial purposes from Togo. Imports of live, ranched tortoises in 2012 represented a 60% decrease compared to 2011, following two consecutive years in which imports declined. [l]Populations from Benin and Togo were reviewed for SRG 35. Following the negative opinions for wild-sourced specimens and ranched specimens with a snout-vent length >8 cm being confirmed for Ghana and Togo, respectively, on 02/12/2011, a suspension was put in place for wild-sourced specimens from Ghana and Togo, and ranched specimens with a straight carapace length >8 cm from Togo, on 10/09/2012 and remains valid. A no opinion for ranched specimens from Ghana was formed on 15/09/2008. The species, including populations from Togo, was selected for CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP15. Togo was categorised as Possible Concern. Recommendations to Togo included providing information on status, distribution (including extent in protected areas), confirmation that quotas will not be increased, details of non-detriment findings for wild and ranched exports, details of ranching facilities and control measures to differentiate between ranched and wild exports (AC27 WG1 Doc.1). Togo published an export quota for 2000 ranched animals in 2012.
B/II [l][i]Testudo horsfieldii[/i]
(Afghan Tortoise)
VU [l]High volume (GT), Overall increase [l]2010, 2011 [l]EU imports in 2012 comprised 42 594 live individuals imported from Uzbekistan for commercial purposes, of which 60% were ranched and the remainder were wild-sourced. Between 2011 and 2012, imports of ranched, live tortoises increased by 27%, while wild-sourced live imports showed a decrease of 5%; however imports of both sources showed an overall increasing trend 2003-2012. [l]The population from Uzbekistan was reviewed for SRG 45 and 53. The SRG formed a positive opinion for wild specimens from Uzbekistan on 26/09/2006; this was confirmed for wild and ranched specimens on 14/09/2010. There is a no opinion i) for specimens from Uzbekistan born in captivity (F1 and subsequent) with carapace length 6-8 cm, formed on 27/02/2014. The species was selected under the CITES Review of Significant Trade in 2008. At the 25th meeting of the Animals Committee, Uzbekistan was categorised as of Possible Concern; following information provided by Uzbekistan, this species-country combination was removed from the process. Only Tajikistan has been retained in the process (AC27 Doc. 12.3). In 2012, Uzbekistan published export quotas for live, ranched (30 000) and wild-sourced (42 100) individuals, of which imports by the EU represented 85% and 41%, respectively.
ANNEX B: AMPHIBIANS
B/II [l][i]Mantella madagascariensis[/i] (Madagascar Golden Frog) VU [l]Sharp increase [l] [l]In 2012, 21 live, wild-sourced [i]M. madagascariensis[/i] were imported by the EU from Madagascar for commercial purposes. Thirty-three live, wild-sourced animals were imported in 2011; no other wild-sourced imports (other than for scientific purposes) were reported 2003-2011. [l]The species was reviewed for SRG 49, following which a positive opinion for Madagascar was formed on 11/09/2009. The species was included within the Review of Significant Trade (following CoP13), categorised as Least Concern and eliminated (AC23 Summary Record).
ANNEX B: FISH
B/II [l][i]Polyodon spathula[/i] (Paddlefish) VU [l]High volume (GT) [l]2010,2011 [l]Wild-sourced imports of [i]P. spathula[/i] in 2012 comprised 864 kg of caviar imported from the United States for commercial purposes. Although EU imports of wild-sourced caviar in 2012 continued to meet the high volume criterion, imports decreased by 38% between 2011 and 2012, maintaining a year-on-year decrease since 2006, to their lowest level over the period 2003-2012. [l]The species was reviewed for SRG 44 and a positive opinion was re-confirmed for the United States on 12/03/2009. The conservation and trade of Acipenseriformes are discussed at each meeting of the Animals Committee in accordance with Resolution 12.7 (Rev. CoP16).
ANNEX B: INVERTEBRATES (NON CORAL)
B/II [l][i]Hirudo medicinalis[/i] (Medicinal Leech) NT [l]High volume (GT), Overall decrease [l]2010, 2011 [l]In 2012, wild-sourced imports to the EU predominantly comprised live leeches imported for commercial purposes from Turkey (250 kg). In addition, medicine reported without a source or purpose code was imported from the Russian Federation (45 484 units). No other imports of medicine were reported in the ten-year period 2003-2012. Imports of live leeches decreased by 44% between 2011 and 2012 to their lowest level over the period 2003-2012. [l]The population from Turkey was reviewed for SRG 51; a positive opinion for Turkey was re- confirmed on 11/03/2011. ([i]Hirudo verbana[/i] split from H. medicinalis following CITES CoP15.) H. medicinalis (all range States) was selected for the CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP16 (AC27 WG1 Doc.1).
B/II [l][i]Ornithoptera croesus[/i] (Wallace’s Golden Birdwing) EN [l]High volume (GT) [l]2010,2011 [l]In 2012, 1181 ranched bodies were imported for commercial purposes from Indonesia; imports of ranched bodies increased by 91% in 2012 compared to 2011, reaching their highest level over the period 2003-2012, although were comparable to those reported in 2009 (1039 bodies). [l]The species was reviewed for SRG 50 and 66; a negative opinion for ranched specimens from Indonesia was confirmed on 28/05/2014. There is a 4.6(b) import suspension for wild specimens from Indonesia, last confirmed on 11/07/2013. [i]O. croesus[/i] (all range States) was selected for the CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP16 (AC27 WG1 Doc.1).
B/II [l][i]Ornithoptera rothschildi[/i] (Rothschild’s Birdwing) VU [l]High volume (GT) [l]2010,2011 [l]In 2012, the EU imported 577 ranched bodies from Indonesia, the majority for commercial purposes (99%). Imports of ranched bodies increased by 95% between 2011 and 2012 to their highest level over the period 2003-2012. [l]The Indonesian population was reviewed for SRG 60 and 66; a no opinion i) for ranched specimens from Indonesia was re-confirmed on 28/05/2014. [i]O. rothschildi[/i] (all range States) was selected for the CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP16 (AC27 WG1 Doc.1).
B/II [l][i]Strombus gigas[/i]
(Queen Conch)
- [l]High volume [l]2010,2011 [l]Wild-sourced imports in 2012 principally comprised meat imported from Jamaica for commercial purposes (384 008 kg). Imports of wild-sourced meat have remained relatively constant since 2007. [l]The population from Jamaica was reviewed for SRG 46 and [i]S. gigas[/i] from range states with long-standing positive opinions was reviewed for SRG 63. A positive opinion for Jamaica was confirmed on 30/06/2009. In 2012 Jamaica published an export quota for 500 000 kg wild-sourced meat; imports by the EU represented 77% of this quota.
B/II [l][i]Tridacna maxima[/i]
(Small Giant Clam)
NT [l]High volume (GT) [l]2010, 2011 [l]In 2012, the majority of wild-sourced imports consisted of live specimens imported from French Polynesia for commercial purposes (2050 individuals). The only other EU imports of this species from French Polynesia during 2003-2012 were 2220 live specimens imported in 2011. [l]The species was reviewed for SRG 61, following which a positive opinion for French Polynesia was confirmed on 11/09/2012. The species was reviewed for SRG 61, following which a positive opinion for French Polynesia was confirmed on 11/09/2012. Note that trade data available for the SRG61 report indicated sporadic and generally lower levels of trade than in recent years; a report from a CITES capacity-building workshop also indicated the intention by 2012 to export clams from aquaculture only.
ANNEX B: CORALS
B/II [l]Acropora hyacinthus NT [l]Overall decrease [l] [l]In 2012, [i]A. hyacinthus[/i] met the criteria for ‘overall decrease’ based on imports of wild-sourced live corals, with imports decreasing from just under 5000 corals in 2003 to only five in 2012. The principal exporter of live corals during this period was Indonesia. A further 214 wild-sourced, raw corals were imported from the Solomon Islands for commercial purposes in 2012; imports of raw corals decreased by 37% compared to 2011.However, this taxon may be traded at the genus level in accordance with Notification No. 2013/035. [l]The population from Indonesia was reviewed for SRG 40, following which a positive opinion was formed on 14/09/2007. As per CITES Notification No. 2013/035, [i]Acropora[/i] is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus  level is acceptable (CITES Notification No. 2013/035).
B/II [l][i]Catalaphyllia jardinei[/i]
(Elegant Coral)
VU [l]High volume (GT) [l]2010,2011 [l]Wild-sourced imports in 2012 mainly comprised live corals imported for commercial purposes (39 031 corals), of which more than 99% were imported from Australia. Wild-sourced imports of live coral increased by 12% in 2012 compared to 2011, reaching their highest level over the period 2003-2012. [l]Adequate management of coral resources generally appears to be in place in Australia (see for instance SRG 64/11).The SRG formed a positive opinion for wild specimens originating in Australia on 03/12/2010; the Australian population was reviewed for SRG 55 and the positive opinion was reconfirmed on 20/06/2011.
B/II [l][i]Euphyllia ancora[/i]
(Anchor Coral)
VU [l]High volume (GT) [l]2010, 2011 [l]In 2012, EU imports of wild-sourced [i]E. ancora[/i] principally consisted of live corals imported for commercial purposes (10 964 corals), the majority originating in Indonesia (66%), followed by Australia (33%). Imports of wild-sourced, live corals decreased by 32% between 2011 and 2012. [l]The population from Indonesia was reviewed for SRG 48 and Australia for SRG 55. A positive opinion was confirmed for Indonesia on 30/06/2009 and formed for Australia on 20/06/2011. Indonesia published an export quota in 2012 for 24 00 live wild-sourced pieces, of which imports to the EU accounted for 30%.
B/II [l][i]Acanthastrea lordhowensis[/i] NT [l]Sharp increase, Overall increase [l]2011 [l]Wild-sourced EU imports in 2012 primarily comprised live corals imported for commercial purposes from Australia (2749 corals). Imports of wild-sourced, live coral increased by 16% between 2011 and 2012; imports reported in 2012 were their highest over the ten-year period 2003-2012. [l]Adequate management of coral resources generally appears to be in place in Australia (see for instance SRG 64/11). As per CITES Notification No. 2013/035, [i]Acanthastrea[/i] is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable.
B/II [l][i]Acanthophyllia deshayesiana[/i] NT [l]Sharp increase [l]2011 [l]All wild-sourced imports of [i]A. deshayesiana[/i] by the EU in 2012 were live corals imported from Australia for commercial purposes (2450). While trade met the criteria for ‘sharp increase’ due to low levels of trade prior to 2011, imports in 2012 represented a decrease of 32% compared to 2011. [l]Note uncertain distribution in Australia.
B/II [l][i]Australomussa rowleyensis[/i] NT [l]Sharp increase [l]2011 [l]Wild-sourced imports of [i]A. rowleyensis[/i] in 2012 comprised 2228 live corals imported from Australia for commercial purposes. Although the species was selected on the basis of a ‘sharp increase’ in trade due to low levels of trade prior to 2011, imports reported in 2012 decreased slightly compared to 2011. [l]Adequate management of coral resources generally appears to be in place in Australia (see for instance SRG 64/11).
B/II [l][i]Blastomussa merleti[/i] (Branched Cup Coral) - [l]High variability [l]2011 [l]Wild-sourced EU imports in 2012 consisted of 1389 live corals from Australia traded for commercial purposes. Imports of live, wild-sourced corals increased between 2008 and 2011 but declined by 72% between 2011 and 2012. [l]Adequate management of coral resources generally appears to be in place in Australia (see for instance SRG 64/11). As per CITES Notification No. 2013/035, [i]Blastomussa[/i] is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable.
B/II [l][i]Scolymia australis[/i]
(Button Coral)
- [l]Overall increase [l]2010,2011 [l]In 2012, wild-sourced imports principally comprised live corals imported from Australia for commercial purposes (6070 corals). Imports of live, wild-sourced corals decreased by 29% in 2012 compared to 2011, following five consecutive years in which trade increased. [l]Adequate management of coral resources generally appears to be in place in Australia (see for instance SRG 64/11). As per CITES Notification No. 2013/035, [i]Scolymia[/i] is one of the coral taxa where trade at the genus level is acceptable; Scolymia vitiensis also occurs in Australia.
B/II [l][i]Mycedium elephantotus[/i] - [l]Sharp increase [l]2011 [l]The majority of wild-sourced imports by the EU in 2012 were live corals imported for commercial purposes (2208 corals), the majority of which originated in Australia (94%) and the remainder in Fiji. Live, wild-sourced imports in 2012 decreased by 22% compared to 2011, following six consecutive years in which trade increased. [l]Adequate management of coral resources generally appears to be in place in Australia (see for instance SRG 64/11).
B/II [l]Seriatopora hystrix (Needle Coral) - [l]Sharp increase [l] [l]This coral species met the criteria for ‘sharp increase’ based on imports of wild-sourced raw corals, with 1632 raw corals imported in 2012 compared with 790 in 2010 . A further 2611 live, wild-sourced corals were also imported in 2012; imports of live corals decreased by 31% between 2011 and 2012. The vast majority of the raw corals imported in 2012 originated in the Solomon Islands, while the live corals primarily originated in Australia (63%). All imports of live and raw corals in 2012 were for commercial purposes. [l]The species was reviewed for SRG 64, following which a positive opinion was confirmed for Australia and a no opinion ii) was formed for Fiji on 28/05/2013. As per CITES Notification No. 2013/035, [i]Seriatopora[/i] is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable.
B/II [l][i]Goniopora stokesi[/i]
(Flowerpot Coral)
NT [l]High volume (GT) [l]2010, 2011 [l]Wild-sourced imports in 2012 primarily comprised live corals imported for commercial purposes (16 389 corals), the majority of which were imported from Indonesia (82%) and the remainder from Australia. Live, wild-sourced imports increased by 5% between 2011 and 2012. Imports reported in 2012 were their highest over the ten-year period 2003-2012. [l]The population from Indonesia was reviewed for SRG 51, following which a positive opinion was confirmed for Indonesia on 16/02/2010. As per CITES Notification No. 2013/035, [i]Goniopora[/i] is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable. In 2012, Indonesia published an export quota for 45 000 live, wild-sourced pieces, of which imports by the EU represented 82%.
B/II [l][i]Trachyphyllia geoffroyi[/i]
(Crater Coral)
NT [l]High volume (GT) [l]2010, 2011 [l]In 2012, wild-sourced imports primarily consisted of live corals for commercial purposes (10 531), the majority of which originated in Australia (99%). Imports of live, wild-sourced coral decreased by 46% in 2012 compared to 2011, but remained higher than in any other year 2003 onwards. [l]The Australian population was reviewed for SRG 55 and a positive opinion was formed on 20/06/2011. [i]T. geoffroyi[/i] was selected for CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP15. Only Singapore and the Solomon Islands were retained in the review (AC27 Doc.12.4 (Rev.1))
ANNEX B: PLANTS (NON-TIMBER SPECIES)
B/II [l][i]Euphorbia antisyphilitica[/i] (Candelilla) - [l]High volume [l]2010, 2011 [l]In 2012, wild-sourced imports of [i]E. antisyphilitica[/i] comprised wax (596 600 kg) and extract (20 000 kg) imported from Mexico for commercial purposes. Imports of wild-sourced wax increased by 7% between 2011 and 2012, but were lower than in 2010. Imports of extract in 2012 were the highest over the period 2003-2012. [l]The species was reviewed for SRG 41 and 44, following which a positive opinion was confirmed for Mexico on 26/05/2008.
B/II [l]Euphorbia hedyotoides EN [l]Sharp increase [l] [l]In 2012, 55 wild-sourced live plants were imported by the EU from Madagascar for commercial purposes. Prior to 2012, no wild-sourced imports were reported since 2005. [l]A no opinion was formed for Madagascar on 12/06/2006.
B/II [l]Euphorbia itremensis VU [l]Sharp increase [l] [l]One hundred live, wild-sourced [i]E. itremensis[/i] were imported by the EU from Madagascar for commercial purposes in 2012, as in 2011. Prior to 2011, no wild-sourced imports were reported since 2005. [l]A no opinion was formed for Madagascar on 12/06/2006. [i]E. itremensis[/i] was selected for CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP14 and categorised as Least Concern at the 19th Plants Committee (PC 19 summary record). It was also selected following CoP15 and Madagascar was categorised as Possible Concern at PC21; Madagascar is required to report on its methodology for making NDFs and establish a conservative export quota within 6 months (PC21 WG2 Doc.1).
B/II [l]Euphorbia pedilanthoides NT [l]Sharp increase [l] [l]Wild-sourced imports in 2012 comprised 50 live plants imported from Madagascar for commercial purposes. Prior to 2012, no wild-sourced imports of this species were reported since 2006
B/II [l][i]Euphorbia primulifolia[/i] VU [l]High volume (GT), Sharp increase [l]2011 [l]In 2012, wild-sourced imports of [i]E. primulifolia[/i] comprised 350 live plants imported from Madagascar for commercial purposes, representing a 17% increase in trade compared to 2011. Prior to 2011, no wild-sourced trade was reported since 2008. [l]The species was discussed at SRG 68, following which a no opinion iii) was formed for Madagascar on 28/05/2014. [i]E. primulifolia[/i] (Madagascar) was selected for CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP14 and categorised as Urgent Concern at the 19th meeting of the Plants Committee (PC19 summary record). Madagascar was removed from the review (PC21 Doc 12.2 (Rev. 1)).
B/II [l]Euphorbia sakarahaensis VU [l]Sharp increase [l] [l]EU imports of wild-sourced [i]E. sakarahaensis[/i] in 2012 consisted of 50 live plants imported from Madagascar for commercial purposes. Prior to 2012, no wild-sourced imports were reported since 2006.
B/II [l][i]Galanthus elwesii[/i]
(Greater Snowdrop)
- [l]High volume [l]2010, 2011 [l]Wild-sourced EU imports in 2012 comprised 3 589 246 live plants imported for commercial purposes from Turkey; imports of wild-sourced live plants decreased by 17% between 2011 and 2012. [l]The population from Turkey was reviewed for SRG 51, following which a positive opinion was confirmed on 16/02/2010. [i]G. elwesii[/i] was included in the CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP16 (PC21 WG2 Doc.1 and PC21 Sum.4).
B/II [l][i]Galanthus woronowii[/i] (Green Snowdrop) - [l]High volume [l]2010, 2011 [l]In 2012, wild-sourced imports by the EU consisted of 5 412 270 live [i]G. woronowii[/i] for commercial purposes, the majority of which originated in Georgia (74%) and the remainder in Turkey. Live, wild-sourced imports in 2012 represented a 21% decrease compared to levels reported in 2011. [l]The population from Turkey was reviewed for SRG 51, following which a positive opinion was confirmed on 16/02/2010. A positive opinion for Georgia was confirmed on 30/06/2009 (with a quota of 15 million bulbs).
B/II [l][i]Aloe ferox[/i]
(Aloe)
- [l]High volume [l]2010, 2011 [l]Wild-sourced imports by the EU in 2012 primarily comprised extract (118 774 kg, 75l and 515 units), the vast majority of which was imported from South Africa for commercial purposes. Imports of extract reported by weight in 2012 decreased by 13% compared to 2011. Notable quantities of wild-sourced leaves were also imported by the EU from South Africa in 2012 (43 455 leaves). [l]The population from South Africa was reviewed for SRG 59, following which a positive opinion was confirmed on 23/02/2012.
B/II [l]Cyclamen cilicium - [l]Overall decrease [l]2010 [l]In 2012, wild-sourced imports by the EU comprised 36 010 live plants, all of which were imported from Turkey for commercial purposes. Although imports of wild-sourced live plants more than doubled between 2011 and 2012, imports decreased by 86% over the period 2003-2012 overall. [l]The species was reviewed for SRG 51, following which a positive opinion for Turkey was confirmed on 16/02/2010.
B/II [l]Cyclamen coum - [l]High volume [l]2010 [l]In 2012, wild-sourced imports comprised 117 465 live plants imported from Turkey for commercial purposes. Trade was variable over the ten-year period; live imports fell by half between 2011 and 2012, reaching their second lowest level over the ten-year period 2003-2012. [l]The population from Turkey was reviewed for SRG 51, following which a positive opinion was confirmed on 16/02/2010.
ANNEX B: TIMBER SPECIES
B/II [l][i]Pericopsis elata[/i]
(African Teak)
EN [l]High volume (GT), Sharp increase [l]2010, 2011 [l]Wild-sourced imports of [i]P. elata[/i] in 2012 comprised timber imported for commercial purposes (11 493 m3 and 136 units of timber), the majority originating in the DRC (54%) and Cameroon (46%). Imports of timber reported by volume in 2012 represented a nine per cent increase compared to 2011. [l]The species has been reviewed at numerous SRGs and was selected for the CITES Review of Significant Trade process following CoP14; Cameroon was categorised as Least Concern and DRC as Possible Concern at the 19th meeting of the Plants Committee. The SRG confirmed a positive opinion for Cameroon on 12/03/2009. The population from DRC was discussed at SRG 66 and 67, following which a no opinion ii) was confirmed on 27/02/2014. In 2012 DRC published an export quota for 25 000 m3 logs, sawn wood and veneer sheets.
B/II [l][i]Gonystylus bancanus[/i] (Ramin) VU [l]High volume (GT), High variability [l]2010, 2011 [l]Wild-sourced imports in 2012 consisted of 448 m3 timber imported for commercial purposes from Indonesia and Malaysia (82% and 18%, respectively). In addition, 120 m3 of wild-sourced carvings were imported from Malaysia for commercial purposes. Imports of wild-sourced timber in 2012 represented a 31% decrease compared to 2011, following a steady decrease from 2008 onwards. [l]The genus was reviewed for SRG 47, following which a positive opinion for [i]Gonystylus[/i] spp. from Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah & Sarawak) was confirmed and a no opinion iii) for Gonystylus spp. from Indonesia was formed on 12/03/2009. Indonesia published an export quota in 2012 for 4431.7m3 of ‘finished products: moulding, dowels, door leaf, plywood etc.’. Malaysia published an export quota of 3178 m3 of parts and derivative from Sarawak in 2012.
B/II [l][i]Gonystylus spp.[/i] - [l]High volume [l] [l]Wild-sourced imports reported at the genus level ([i]Gonystylus[/i] spp.) in 2012 mainly consisted of timber traded for commercial purposes from Malaysia (562 m3); the volume of timber imports in 2012 decreased by 64% relative to 2011. [l]As above
B/II [l][i]Prunus africana[/i] (African Cherry) VU [l]High volume (GT) [l]2010,2011 [l]Wild-sourced imports of [i]P. africana[/i] in 2012 comprised 525 521 kg bark traded for commercial purposes, of which 66% originated from Cameroon and the remainder from Uganda. Imports of wild-sourced bark declined by 17% between 2011 and 2012. [l]P. africana has been discussed at numerous SRGs including SRG 65-67. The SRG formed a positive opinion for specimens from Uganda on 02/12/2008, which was reconfirmed on 23/02/2012, for a quota of 176 179 kg of dry bark. The SRG formed a negative opinion for specimens from Cameroon on 14/09/2007, which was reconfirmed on 30/11/2009. Trade from Cameroon was reviewed at SRG 55 on 11/03/2011 and a positive opinion was agreed for a quota of 150 000 kg for 2010 and 2011, subject to clear identification of origin from the north-west region. This positive opinion for bark from Cameroon has been reconfirmed several times, most recently on 25/06/2014, for a total annual quota of 974 853 kg of dry bark (divided between specific geographic regions, subject to clear indication of the origin in the export permit); the negative opinion for Cameroon formed on 30/11/2009 remains valid for trade other than that which meets these conditions. P. africana was included in the CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP16 (PC21 WG2 Doc.1 and PC21 Sum.4). In 2012 Cameroon published an export quota for 658 674 kg of dry bark, and Uganda published a quota for 176 179 kg dry bark, of which imports by the EU accounted for 53% and 100%, respectively.
B/II [l]Bulnesia sarmientoi (Holy Wood) NT [l]High volume (GT) [l] [l]EU imports of wild-sourced [i]B. sarmientoi[/i] in 2012 principally comprised oil (26 181 kg) and extract (19 000 kg) imported from Paraguay for commercial purposes. This species was listed in Annex C (Argentina) in 2008, and in Appendix II and Annex B in 2010. Trade in wild-sourced oil and extract to the EU was first reported in 2009, peaked in 2011, and decreased by 62% between 2011 and 2012. [l]The species was reviewed for SRG 56 and has been discussed at numerous SRG meetings including SRG 65, 66 and 67; a positive opinion for Paraguay was confirmed on 28/05/2014. [i]B. sarmientoi[/i] was included in the CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP16 (PC21 WG2 Doc.1 and PC21 Sum.4).
B/II [l]Guaiacum coulteri NT [l]Sharp increase [l] [l]Wild-sourced EU imports in 2012 comprised 17.73m3 timber imported from Mexico for commercial purposes. The only other wild-sourced imports reported over the period 2003-2012 were in 2004 and 2007. [l]
ANNEX C: MAMMALS [l]#colspan#
C/III [l][i]Antilope cervicapra[/i] (Blackbuck) NT [l]High volume (GT) [l]2011 [l]Wild-sourced imports in 2012 comprised 82 trophy items (72 trophies, four skins, five skulls and one body), the majority of which (99%) originated in Argentina. Combined imports of trophy items (trophies, bodies, skins and skulls) increased by 8% between 2011 and 2012, following a decrease in every year 2007-2011 from a peak of 292 trophy items in 2006.
ANNEX C: REPTILES
C/III [l][i]Graptemys ouachitensis[/i] (Ouachita Map Turtle) - [l]Sharp increase [l]2011 [l]Aside from imports for scientific purposes, the EU imported 7140 live individuals of wild, unknown, or undeclared source from the United States, the majority for commercial purposes (75%). Live, wild-sourced imports decreased by 25% between 2011 and 2012; the only other wild-sourced imports reported 2003-2012 were 2500 live individuals imported in 2008.
C/III [l][i]Mauremys reevesii[/i] (Reeve’s Turtle) EN [l]High volume (GT), Sharp increase [l]2011 [l]All imports of [i]M. reevesii[/i] reported since the species was listed in Appendix III (China) in 2005 have been reported with an unknown source or a source not specified. In 2012, 14 500 live individuals reported without a source specified were imported from China for commercial purposes. This represents a more than four-fold increase compared to live imports reported in 2011. China reported all exports of this species to the EU in 2012 as source ‘C’.
C/III [l][i]Mauremys sinensis[/i] (Chinese Stripe-necked Turtle) EN [l]High volume (GT), Sharp increase [l]2010, 2011 [l]The majority of imports of [i]M. sinensis[/i] reported since the species was listed in Appendix III (China) in 2005 have been reported with an unknown source or a source not specified. In 2012, 17 000 live individuals were imported from China, all reported without a source or purpose specified. Imports of live animals have fluctuated since 2005; live imports in 2012 were more than double levels reported in 2011. China reported all exports of this species to the EU in 2012 as source ‘C’. [l]Whilst listed in Annex C (hence SRG opinions are not applicable), the species was reviewed for SRG 62 to assess whether it might merit listing in Annex B.

Key: Within the ‘IUCN Red List status’ column, ‘CR’ = Critically Endangered, ‘EN’ = Endangered, ‘VU’= Vulnerable, ‘NT’= Near Threatened and ‘-’= not evaluated. Within the column ‘Selection criteria’, ‘High volume (GT)’ = ‘High volume (globally threatened)’, ◊ = met the criteria based on candidate countries’ trade only; ♦ = met the criteria based on both EU and candidate countries’ trade. *’No opinion (i)’ = no significant trade anticipated; ‘No opinion (ii)’ = decision deferred; ‘No opinion (iii)’ = referral to the SRG.

[1] Includes skins and trophies reported with purpose codes ‘H’, ‘P’ and ‘T’.

Taxa showing noteworthy patterns of candidate country-reported direct imports from wild, ranched, unknown and unspecified sources in 2012 according to the criteria: high volume of trade, high volume of trade (globally threatened), sharp increase in trade, overall increase or decrease in trade, and high variability in trade.

Annex/ App. [l]Taxon (Common name) IUCN Red List status Selection criteria [l]Previously selected [l]Summary of trade
ANNEX B: MAMMALS
B/II [l][i]Lycalopex griseus[/i] (South American Grey Fox) - High volume♦ [l]2010♦, 2011♦ [l]Wild-sourced imports of [i]L. griseus[/i] in 2012 comprised skins imported by Turkey from Argentina for commercial purposes (48 830). Between 2011 and 2012 imports of wild-sourced skins increased by 58%, reaching their highest level since 2008. However, trade remained lower than the quantities reported in each year 2006-2008.
B/II [l][i]Lycalopex gymnocercus[/i] (Pampa Fox) - High volume [l]2011 [l]In 2012, 36 930 wild-sourced skins were imported by Turkey from Argentina for commercial purposes. Imports of wild-sourced skins increased by more than double between 2011 and 2012, reaching their highest levels over the period 2003-2012.
B/II [l][i]Lynx canadensis[/i] (Canada Lynx) - Sharp increase♦ [l]2010◊, 2011◊ [l]Wild-sourced imports of [i]L. canadensis[/i] in 2012 comprised 322 skins imported by Turkey from Canada for commercial purposes. Smaller quantities of wild-sourced skins were imported by candidate countries in 2007 (three skins), 2009 (two skins) and 2011 (three skins).
B/II [l][i]Lontra canadensis[/i] (North American Otter) - Sharp increase [l]2010◊, 2011♦ [l]In 2012, wild-sourced imports of [i]L. canadensis[/i] consisted of 2796 skins imported for commercial purposes by Turkey from the United States. Between 2011 and 2012 imports of skins increased by 8%; the only other wild-sourced trade in this species reported by candidate countries over the period 2003-2012 was the import of 177 skins in 2008.
B/II [l][i]Arctocephalus pusillus[/i] (Cape Fur Seal) - High volume [l]2010, 2011 [l]In 2012, Turkey reported the import of 22 023 wild-sourced skins from Namibia for commercial purposes. Candidate country imports of wild-sourced skins fell by 62% between 2011 and 2012.
ANNEX B: BIRDS
B/II [l][i]Psittacus erithacus[/i] (Grey Parrot) VU High volume (GT) [l]2011 [l]In 2012, Turkey reported the import of 3545 wild-sourced, live [i]P. erithacus[/i] for commercial purposes. In addition, one bird of unknown source was imported by Croatia as a personal item. The majority of the wild birds originated in Congo (81%); smaller numbers originated in DRC (9%) and Mali (8%). Candidate country imports of live, wild-sourced P. erithacus more than doubled between 2011 and 2012, reaching their highest levels since 2008. This species was selected for CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP15. Benin, CAR, Ghana, Nigeria, Togo and Uganda were retained in the review (AC27 Doc 12.4 (Rev.1)).
ANNEX B: REPTILES
A/B I/II [l][i]Caiman crocodilus[/i] (Spectacled Caiman) - Sharp increase♦ (for Annex B trade) [l]2011◊ [l]Turkey reported the import of 1700 wild-sourced [i]C. crocodilus[/i] skins from Argentina in 2012, all of which were for commercial purposes. Wild-sourced candidate country imports prior to 2012 consisted of smaller quantities of live specimens (599) skins (157), and small leather products (14).
B/II [l][i]Python reticulatus[/i] (Reticulated Python) - Sharp increase♦ [l]2010, 2011♦ [l]Turkey reported the import of 8994 wild-sourced skins for commercial purposes in 2012, of which the majority originated in Malaysia (92%). Candidate country imports of wild-sourced skins increased every year since 2008 and increased by 24% between 2011 and 2012.
ANNEX B: FISH
B/II [l][i]Anguilla anguilla[/i] (Common Eel) CR High volume (GT) [l]2010◊ [l]In 2012, candidate country imports of [i]A. anguilla[/i] consisted of live, ranched eels (800 kg) imported by FYR Macedonia from Greece for commercial purposes; similar quantities of live, ranched eels were imported in 2010 and 2011 (A. anguilla was listed in Appendix II and Annex B in 2009).
ANNEX B: CORALS
B/II [l][i]Acropora humilis[/i] NT Sharp increase [l] [l]Wild-sourced imports reported by candidate countries in 2012 comprised 640 raw corals imported from the Solomon Islands for commercial purposes. The only other wild-sourced trade reported over the period 2003-2012 consisted of four raw corals imported in 2009.

Key: Within the ‘IUCN Red List status’ column, ‘CR’ = Critically Endangered, ‘VU’= Vulnerable, ‘NT’= Near Threatened and ‘-’= not evaluated. Within the column ‘Selection criteria’, ‘High volume (GT)’ = ‘High volume (globally threatened)’, ◊ = met the criteria based on EU trade only; ♦ = met the criteria based on both EU and candidate countries’ trade.